others in its "sex-sational" category came out with articles which made some sense, even if not all that was said was true. The fact that homosexuals did exist and in largé numbers everywhere began to be stated, although the puzzle of what to do about it was regarded with less than ambivalence. Most frequently mentioned was Mattachine, the organization, and ONE ("Mattachine's magazine”). The error of this relationship has been dispelled hundreds of times, but it seems to persist, often at the annoyance of both concerned. A kind of crowning achievement in the scandal magazine category occurred in Confidential in the fall of 1963 when it printed an excellent report of the East Coast Homophile Organizations' first annual "ECHO" conference. Will the shoe now remain on this better foot? No one in the movement expects it to consistently.

5. Other Organizations and Their Work

By no means does the Mattachine--and its loosely affiliated (or even non-affiliated) organizations elsewhere using the name--claim responsibility for a major part of the recent breakthrough in the conspiracy of silence. Rather, it is the work of many groups.

One, Inc., of Los Angeles, with its attitude toward others in the movement ranging all the way from hostility and scathing attack to a fairly open friendliness, has steadfastly pursued its course and with no little success. Whereas many in the professions wouldn't touch ONE with a 15-foot pole (and some of these, it must be noted, also keep Mattachine and others at a distance of arm's length or more), some rank-and-file homosexuals have, over the years, maintained a strong loyalty to ONE and have supported its magazine more faithfully than any of the similar publications, because ONE has been designed to appeal to them.

Since its monumental Federal Supreme Court Decision in January 1958 in which ONE magazine was found unanimously not obscene (the charges were placed against its October 1953 issue), ONE has expressed its disapproval of the status quo in terms which were always indignant if not outright shocking. Its most significant action, it would appear, has mattachine REVIEW

been its establishment of One Institute for Homophile Stud ies, modelled on the concept of a university specializing in all of the varied approaches to homosexuality--historical religious, artistic, anthropological, cultural, etc., past and present. This ambitious undertaking, viewed by some as before its time, is nevertheless a project of primary im portance for the years ahead. The Institute's quarterly, in which an effort is made to create a scholarly tone, may in time receive the recognition it deserves and maintain the standard it is seeking. While a question may be raised over the relative importance of education for the public on a large scale (the Mattachine concept) v. education and research by and for a very small in-group on the other (the apparent One Institute approach), social scientists and other obser vers are nevertheless aware of the importance of the Insti tute undertaking and the significance it can achieve in the future once the conspiracy of silence is erased.

In a manner similar to Mattachine, the Daughters of Bili tis and the ECHO group, ONE has until recently held an annual conference, a day-long program of speakers from within and outside the movement--mostly professionals from religion, law and the behavioral sciences. These con ferences have enjoyed a considerable success. More recently, however, the annual mid-winter institute has been disbanded in favor of a continuing monthly kind of presenta tion, with events ranging from a formal address to a dramatic event or poetry reading. ECHO (composed of four "East Coast Homophile Organizations") holds an annual conference in an eastern city, while Mattachine groups in Los Angeles and the national organization at San Francisco continue to hold annual conventions on the West Coast. These last named events have upon occasion resulted in radio programs from the recorded remarks of speakers. Heard on these platforms have been legislators, attorneys, doctors, ministers, researchers and a host of others. Daught ers of Bilitis held its third biennial convention in New York in June, 1964, after two highly succesful earlier con ferences in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Their programs also have been outstanding for significant spokesmen and topics and have been widely received.

A rundown of the organizations in the homophile move13